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Alcmaeon of Croton
Alcmaeon (; (ギリシア語:Ἀλκμαίων), ''Alkmaiōn'', ''gen''.: Ἀλκμαίωνος; 5th century BC) of Croton (in Magna Graecia) was one of the most eminent natural philosophers and medical theorists of antiquity. His father's name was Peirithus (Peirithos). He is said by some to have been a pupil of Pythagoras, and he may have been born around 510 BC.〔"There is disagreement about the date of his birth: Aristotle says that "Alcmaeon of Croton lived when Pythagoras was old," (1, v, 30, 986a ) but it would appear that the passage is interpolated. Diogenes Laertius states that he was a disciple of Pythagoras, (83 ) and this could have been possible it we assume that the latter died about 490 and that Alcmaeon was born about 510 BC." Plinio Prioreschi, (1996), ''A History of Medicine: Greek medicine'', page 167.〕 Although he wrote mostly on medical topics there is some suggestion that he was not a physician but a philosopher of science; he also practiced astrology and meteorology. Nothing more is known of the events of his life.
==Works==
He was considered by many an early pioneer and advocate of anatomical dissection and was said to be the first to identify Eustachian tubes. His celebrated discoveries in the field of dissection were noted in antiquity, but whether his knowledge in this branch of science was derived from the dissection of animals or of human bodies is still a disputed question.〔''Dict. of Ant.'', p. 756, a〕 Calcidius, on whose authority the fact rests, merely says "''qui primus exsectionem aggredi est ausus''," and the word ''exsectio'' would apply equally well in either case;〔Calcidius, ''Comment. in Plat. "Tim."'' p. 368, ed. Fabr.〕 some modern scholars doubt Calcidius' word entirely.
He also was the first to dwell on the internal causes of illnesses. It was he who first suggested that health was a state of equilibrium between opposing humors and that illnesses were because of problems in environment, nutrition and lifestyle. He is said also to have been the first person who wrote on natural philosophy (),〔Diogenes Laërtius, viii. 83〕〔Clement of Alexandria, ''Stromata'' i. p. 308〕 and to have invented fables.〔''fabulas'', Isid. ''Orig.'' i. 39〕 He also wrote several other medical and philosophical works, of which nothing but the titles and a few fragments have been preserved by Stobaeus,〔Stobaeus, ''Eclog. Phys.''〕 Plutarch,〔Plutarch, ''De Phys. Philos. Decr.''〕 and Galen.〔Galen, ''Histor. Philosoph.''〕 His ''Concerning Nature'' might be the earliest example of Greek medical literature.
Alcmaeon of Croton experimented with live animals by cutting the nerve behind the eye to study vision. He also contributed to the study of medicine by establishing the connection between the brain and the sense organs, and outlined the paths of the optic nerves as well as stating that the brain is the organ of the mind. However, his theories were not without mistakes. He said that sleep occurs when blood vessels in the brain are filled and that waking is caused by the emptying of these vessels. He also stated that the eye contains both fire and water.〔Albert S. Lyons, M.D., F.A.C.S., R. Joseph Petrucelli,II, M.D., ''Medicine: An Illustrated History'', pp. 187, 192〕〔A further account of his philosophical opinions may be found in Gilles Ménage's Notes to Diogenes Laertius, viii. 83, p. 387; Le Clerc, ''Hist. de la Med.''; Alphonsus Ciacconius ''ap. Fabric. Biblioth. Graec.'' vol. xiii. p. 48, ed. vet.; Sprengel, ''Hist. de la Med.'' vol. i. p. 239; C. G. Kühn, ''De Philosoph. ante Hippocr. Medicinae Cultor.'' Lips. 1781, 4to., reprinted in Ackermann's ''Opusc. ad Histor. Medic. Pertinentia'', Norimb. 1797, 8vo., and in Kühn's ''Opusc. Acad. Med. et Philol.'' Lips. 1827-8, 2 vols. 8vo.; Isensee, ''Gesch. der Medicin.''〕
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